SECTION I TIME - 30 minutes 40 QUESTION :RA Each passage below is followed by questions based on its content. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is STATED or IMPLIED in that passage. :RA :PB A major focus of modern evolutionary ecology is investigating the details of interactions between organisms in nature and analyzing the consequences of those interactions. Perhaps the most significant category of ecological interactions in terms of the net transfer of energy in the global food web is the interactions between plants and animals. Such interactions encompass a wide variety of ecological phenomena and the majority of known species on the earth. There is much current interest in the question of how interacting pairs of plants and animals have influenced each other in the course of evolution. :RA Among the best-known examples of such coevolution are the obligatory relations between figs and fig wasps and between yuccas and yucca moths. In both instances the plants have come to need the services of the insects as pollen carriers and the insects in turn have come to call on the plant to sacrifice some of its ovules as larval feeding sites to promote the insect's reproduction. In such instances plants and animals have taken turns acting as agents of natural selection with respect to each other. Not all coevolution, however, is mutualistic. In many instances one of the interacting organisms is parasitic on the other. One of the most :RA remarkable interactions for the study of animal-plant coevolution of the host-parasite type is the interaction between certain brightly colored butterflies of the New World Tropics and certain vines. The butterflies are members of the genus Heliconius; the vines are passion-flower vines, members of the genus Passiflora. The passion-flower vines have evolved effective chemical defenses against insects, but a few insects, the Heliconius butterflies among them, have evolved the ability to circumvent these defenses. That ability apparently precludes the Heliconius butterflies' being parasitic on other plants. Heliconius butterflies thus deposit their eggs only on Passiflora :RA vines, where the eggs hatch into larvae that feed voraciously on the leaves of the vine. The remarkable thing is that some species of the vine have features that appear to mimic the distinctive bright yellow eggs of the butterflies. What accounts for this mimicry, if that is what it is? One possibility is the coevolution of Passiflora with Heliconius. How could any one trait of a plant be causally attributed to natural selection imposed by one species or genus of insects among so many? The answer is that such a selective effect is almost impossible. That is why plants such as the passion-flower vines, with their :RA simplified, specialized populations of animal parasites, are of such interest. With only a few major herbivores such as Heliconius to account for, interpreting the defensive traits of passion-flower vines is relatively free of ambiguity. It also helps that the Heliconius butterflies themselves are highly visible, are easily studied in the field and in artificial culture, and are prime experimental animals for investigations ranging from behavior to population biology. :RA :PE :Q0 1. The title below which BEST expresses the main idea of the passage is: (a) Natural Selection (b) Passiflora and Heliconius (c) The Coevolution of a Butterfly and a Vine (d) Butterflies and Eggs (e) A Study of Butterflies :RCC :Q0 2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding the interactions between plants and animals? (a) there is much interest in their interaction (b) some plants and animals have taken turns as agents of natural selection (c) there are instances of obligatory relations between the plants and insects (d) their interactions are limited and encompass only a few known species on earth (e) modern evolutionary ecology has undertaken investigations of interactions between organisms of nature :RCD :Q0 3. One type of parasitic relationship is between the: (a) fig and fig wasps (b) yuccas and yucca moths (c) maple and mites (d) oak and fungi (e) Heliconius butterflies and Passiflora vines :RCE :Q0 4. "Precludes" as used in the third paragraph means: (a) prevents (b) necessitates (c) evolves (d) mimics (e) deposits :RCA :Q0 5. We can conclude that: (a) there is no interaction between plants and animals (b) all coevolution is mutualistic (c) the vines produce fake eggs to keep the butterflies away (d) scientists learn from the past (e) butterflies are difficult to study in an artificial culture :RCC :PQ :PQ :PB Alas! we know that ideals can never be completely embodied in practice. Ideals must ever lie a great deal off- and we will thankfully content ourselves with any not intolerable approximation thereto. Let no man, as Schiller says, too querulously "measure by a scale of perfection the meager product of reality" in this poor world of ours. We will esteem him no wise man; we will esteem him a sickly, discontented, foolish man. And yet, on the other hand, it is never to be forgotten that ideals do exist; that if they be not approximated to at all, the whole matter goes to wreck. Infallibly. No bricklayer builds a wall perpendicular - mathematically this is not possible, a certain degree of perpendicularity suffices him, and :RA he, like a good bricklayer, who must have done with his job, leaves it so. And yet, if he sway too much from the perpendicular - above all, if he throw plummet and level quite away from him, and pile brick upon brick heedless, just as it comes to hand - such a bricklayer, I think, is in a bad way. He has forgotten himself; but the law of gravitation does not forget to act on him; he and his wall rush down into a confused welter of ruins. :RA :PE :Q0 6. The best title for the selection is (a) Practice Makes Perfect (b) Perfection (c) Too Err Is Human (d) The Ideal Bricklayer (e) What Price Ideals :RCB :Q0 7. The writer declares that (a) one must plan for the ideal, even though it may never be fully attained (b) only a fool pays attention to ideals (c) the whole world revolves about the idea of imperfection (d) reality is always completely unsatisfactory (e) it is better not to plan than to plan unwisely :RCA :PQ :PB The peculiar marks of semi-barbarous people are diffused distrust and indiscriminate suspicion. People, in all but the most favored times and places, are rooted to the places where they were born, think the thoughts of those places, can endure no other thoughts. The next parish even is suspected. Its inhabitants have different usages, almost imperceptibly different, but yet different; they speak a varying accent; they use a few peculiar words; tradition says their faith is dubious. And if the next parish is a little suspected, the next country is much more suspected. Here is a definite beginning of new maxims, new thoughts, new ways; the immemorial boundary mark begins in feeling a strange world. :RA And if the next country is dubious, a remote county is untrustworthy. "Vagrants come from thence", men know, and they know nothing else. The inhabitants of the north speak a dialect different from the dialect of the south; they have other laws, another aristocracy, another life. In ages when distant territories are blanks in the mind, when locality is a passion, concerted co-operation between remote regions is impossible even on trivial matters. Neither would rely enough upon the good faith, good sense, and good judgment of the other. Neither could enough calculate on the other. :RA :PE :Q0 8. We can imply from this passage that the writer favors (a) limitation of armaments (b) a more tolerant attitude toward "outsiders" (c) non-aggression pacts (d) a stronger United Nations (e) distrust of vagrants :RCB :Q0 9. According to the writer, one of the marks of a semi-barbarous people is, (a) reliance on a basic faith (b) suspicion and distrust of people in other communities (c) limited co-operation with remote regions (d) insistence on inviolable boundary lines between nations (e) illiteracy :RCB :Q0 10. The writer (a) pleads for greater understanding among people (b) states the facts but makes no plea for greater understanding among people (c) implies that nothing can be done to remove intolerance in the world (d) gives specific instances to prove that distrust goes with lack of high ideals (e) urges that we learn to love our fellow-men :RCB :PQ Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered words or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words that BEST fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. :RA :Q0 11. A body, as of churchmen, divided in ranks, each of which is ____ in authority to the one above it, is called a ____. (a) subordinate - matriarchy (b) superior - monarchy (c) enrolled - roster (d) subordinate - hierarchy (e) linked - plebiscite :RCD :Q0 12. Politeness has been compared to an air cushion, which, although there is ____ nothing in it, ____ our jolts wonderfully. (a) manifestly - aggravates (b) apparently - exacerbates (c) patently - intensifies (d) apparently - alleviates (e) obviously - increases :RCD :Q0 13. The longer I live, said Buxton, the more deeply am I convinced that that which makes the difference between one man and another; between the weak and the ____, the great and the insignificant, is energy - invincible determination - a purpose once formed, and then death, or victory. (a) ubiquitous (b) formidable (c) craven (d) paltry (e) cantankerous :RCB :Q0 14. The teacher tried to get the student to be more enthusiastic about his work, but he remained ____. (a) sartorial (b) rueful (c) phlegmatic (d) boorish (e) ephemeral :RCC :Q0 15. The charm of a day at the beach is something the littlest toddler spontaneously ____. (a) exalts (b) cajoles (c) dilates in (d) exults in (e) diverts in :RCD :Q0 16. The ____ and playful essayist whom you picture to yourself as the most genial and entertaining of companions, turns out to be a shy and untalkative individual, who chills you with his ____ when you chance to meet him. (a) scintillating - reticence (b) diffident - parsimony (c) ebullient - bon mots (d) lugubrious - reticence (e) captious - reserve :RCA :Q0 17. That we should practice what we preach is generally admitted; but anyone who preaches what he and his hearers practice must incur the gravest moral ____. (a) exaltation (b) approbation (c) excitation (d) solicitation (e) disapprobation :RCE :Q0 18. A(n) ____ matter is one that is incapable of being ____. (a) unimpeachable - resolved (b) moot - debated (c) apocryphal - impeached (d) incontrovertible - contested (e) innocuous - harmed :RCD :Q0 19. ____ makes all things difficult, but diligence all easy; and he that riseth late must trot all day, and scarce overtake his business at night; while laziness travels so slowly that poverty soon overtakes him. (a) piety (b) parsimony (c) industry (d) sycophancy (e) sloth :RCE :Q0 20. A(n) ____ argument is only ____ attractive. (a) meretricious - deceitfully (b) cogent - dishonestly (c) plausible - seldom (d) specious - logically (e) logical - ostensibly :RCA Each question below consists of a related pair of words or phrases, followed by five lettered pairs of words or phrases. Select the lettered pair that BEST expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair. :RA :Q0 21. CANTANKEROUS:AFFABLE:: (a) equable:biased (b) petulant:civil (c) surly:aggressive (d) rapacious:commodious (e) civil:brusque :RCB :Q0 22. PUNCTILIOUS:PRECISE:: (a) punctual:concise (b) rambunctious:sarcastic (c) fastidious:expeditious (d) meticulous:exact (e) inaccurate:meticulous :RCD :Q0 23. CONSTANT:FICKLENESS:: (a) chronic:willfulness (b) stalwart:whim (c) whimsical:erratic (d) courage:hardihood (e) steadfast:changeableness :RCE :Q0 24. OAR:ROWBOAT:: (a) rudder:wheel (b) helm:pilot (c) train:locomotive (d) motor:automobile (e) yacht:sail :RCD :Q0 25. TIGER:LAMB:: (a) fox:beaver (b) serpent:venom (c) lizard:salamander (d) lion:bear (e) ferocious:gentle :RCE :Q0 26. INSTANTANEOUS:PROCRASTINATION:: (a) immediately:delay (b) forthwith:lying (c) dilatory:presently (d) now:henceforth (e) demure:demur :RCA :Q0 27. ALLEVIATE:MISERY:: (a) placate:objective (b) allay:aggression (c) appease:aggressor (d) ameliorate:condition (e) mollify:anger :RCE :Q0 28. FORESTALL:ACTION:: (a) expedite:success (b) preclude:event (c) balk:indecision (d) quell:riot (e) dereliction:duty :RCB :Q0 29. TENTATIVE:PEREMPTORY:: (a) transient:transitory (b) definite:possible (c) provisional:decisive (d) probable:possible (e) provincial:inconclusive :RCC :Q0 30. THEATER:HISTRIONIC:: (a) highway:mobile (b) court:eloquent (c) debate:vitriolic (d) forum:forensic (e) business:acumen :RCD Each question below consists of a word in capital letters, followed by five lettered words or phrases. Choose the word or phrase that is most nearly OPPOSITE in meaning to the word in capital letters. Since some of the questions require you to distinguish fine shades of meaning, consider all the choices before deciding which is best. :RA :Q0 31. IMPREGNABLE: (a) vulnerable (b) opaque (c) translucent (d) not debatable (e) combustible :RCA :Q0 32. INDECORUM: (a) cowardice (b) propriety (c) understanding (d) flamboyance (e) ostentation :RCB :Q0 33. DEVIATE: (a) simulate (b) profane (c) affirm (d) conform (e) fill :RCD :Q0 34. INEFFABLE: (a) effective (b) efficient (c) yielding (d) equitable (e) utterable :RCE :Q0 35. PIQUANT: (a) unable to be aroused (b) bland (c) sapient (d) flimsy (e) trenchant :RCB :Q0 36. FALLACIOUS: (a) sad (b) logical (c) not feasible (d) argumentative (e) deceptive :RCB :Q0 37. FIASCO: (a) rout (b) success (c) enigma (d) maxim (e) truth :RCB :Q0 38. UNWITTING: (a) coarse (b) acute (c) perspicacious (d) plausible (e) intentional :RCE :Q0 39. PLACID: (a) complicated (b) disturbed (c) solemn (d) disrespectful (e) indisposed to forgive :RCB :Q0 40. SCURRILOUS: (a) scrupulous (b) slow (c) soft-hearted (d) refined (e) incurable :RCD :ET :ET
